Les mesures tarifaires américaines pourraient entraîner une baisse de trois pour cent du commerce mondial, selon un économiste de l'ONU
Le commerce mondial pourrait se contracter de trois pour cent en raison des nouvelles mesures tarifaires des États-Unis qui, à plus long terme, pourraient remodeler et renforcer des liens commerciaux régionaux encore inexploités, a confirmé vendredi un économiste de l'ONU.
« Il y aura des changements, je pense, dans les chaînes d'approvisionnement, il y aura une réévaluation des alliances mondiales. Il y aura des changements géopolitiques et économiques également », a déclaré Pamela Coke-Hamilton, directrice du Centre du Commerce International (CCI).
S'exprimant à Genève après l'annonce mercredi par la Maison Blanche d'une pause de 90 jours sur les "tarifs réciproques" pour la plupart des pays à l'exception de la Chine, Mme Coke-Hamilton a noté que les exportations du Mexique avaient déjà été "fortement impactées" par les changements sismiques antérieurs de la politique commerciale américaine.
« Des pays comme le Mexique, la Chine et la Thaïlande, mais aussi des pays d'Afrique australe sont parmi les plus touchés, aux côtés des États-Unis eux-mêmes », a-t-elle déclaré.
Bien que la pause de 90 jours sur les soi-disant tarifs réciproques s'applique aux importations de la plupart des pays et ramène les taux à un encore lourd 10 pour cent, les tarifs sur les importations de Chine s'élèvent actuellement à 145 pour cent.
La Chine, quant à elle, a augmenté les tarifs contre les exportations américaines - en fait des taxes à l'importation sur les biens - à 125 pour cent.
Déjà, les produits d'exportation du Mexique se sont éloignés de marchés tels que les États-Unis, la Chine, l'Europe et d'autres pays d'Amérique latine pour réaliser des "gains modestes" au Canada, au Brésil "et dans une moindre mesure, en Inde", a insisté la directrice du CCI.
D'autres pays ont suivi le mouvement, y compris le Vietnam, dont les exportations "se détournent des États-Unis, du Mexique et de la Chine", tout en "augmentant considérablement" vers l'UE, la Corée du Sud et d'autres, a déclaré Mme Coke-Hamilton, dont l'agence spécialisée de l'ONU offre une assistance aux pays en développement.
Le problème pour les économies émergentes est qu'elles sont moins bien équipées pour "pivoter" face aux "instabilités", a expliqué la directrice du CCI, car elles manquent souvent de la diversité manufacturière et de la capacité à ajouter de la valeur aux matières premières des nations plus industrialisées.
Les partenaires commerciaux particulièrement vulnérables des États-Unis incluent le Lesotho, le Cambodge, le Laos, Madagascar et le Myanmar qui sont "les plus exposés", a-t-elle poursuivi.
Confirmant que l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) avait estimé que le commerce entre la Chine et les États-Unis pourrait chuter jusqu'à 80 pour cent si la situation hautement inhabituelle persiste, la Secrétaire exécutive du CCI a souligné qu'ils ne constituaient que "trois pour cent à quatre pour cent du commerce mondial... (donc) il y a 96 pour cent là-bas qui commercent encore et qui continueront à commercer».
Néanmoins, l'impact de "l'extension indéterminée de 90 jours et plus" n'a pas été bon pour le commerce mondial et "ne se prête pas nécessairement à la stabilité", a poursuivi Mme Coke-Hamilton.
« Indépendamment du fait qu'il y ait une extension, encore et encore, le fait qu'il n'y ait pas de stabilité, qu'il n'y ait pas de prévisibilité affectera le commerce et les entreprises et les décisions qui sont prises en temps réel.»
Elle a ajouté : « Ce ne serait pas la première fois qu'il y a eu des secousses dans le système économique mondial. Nous l'avons vu au cours des 50 dernières années dans différentes dispensations. Celle-ci est probablement un peu plus sévère, un peu plus tremblante.»
HISTOIRE : Incertitude tarifaire et potentiel - CCI
DURÉE : 03’11”
SOURCE : UNTV CH
RESTRICTIONS : AUCUNE
LANGUE : ANGLAIS / NATS
FORMAT D'IMAGE : 16:9
DATE : 11 AVRIL 2025 GENÈVE, SUISSE
Orateurs :
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The key findings from WMO’s State of Global Water Resources 2025 report covering the hydrological cycle and extreme events in the five-year period to last year:
Highlighting the long-term decline in the Earth’s freshwater storage and glacier melt, WMO Secretary-General Celeste Saulo explained that the planet’s water reserves used to act as a planetary “savings account” that absorbed the occasional dry season, avoiding a water crisis. “One of the central stories of the 2025 report is what is happening to that savings account? And the simple answer is that we are depleting it,” she told journalists in Geneva.
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“At the same time, we are seeing more water-related disasters,” Ms. Saulo said, while also stressing that the currently strengthening El Niño “will increase the risk of drought in some areas, and flooding in others”.
Glaciers disappearing
In 2025, for the fourth consecutive year, every major glaciated region on Earth lost ice mass, leading to short-term hazards including floods and long-term water insecurity, according to WMO.
Responding to a question about whether the changing global water cycle might have contributed to the deadly Nepal-China flooding disaster, Ms. Saulo explained that melting ice and rock was just one factor in the chain of events that ultimately sent a massive and deadly wall of water and debris downstream on 26 August, killing at least 1,367 people.
“You asked if it could happen again? Absolutely; the problem in this region is that there’s 63,700 glaciers at the last count,” she told a Press Conference in Geneva. “Even if you’re looking with remote sensing with satellites at these glaciers, you might see some faults, you might see some slight shifting, that does not mean necessarily catastrophic collapse. So, in order to plan for this, it’s very, very difficult. But the international community is looking very hard at ways in which we can bring people together to solve some of these monitoring issues.”
Data indicates that glaciers shrank between 2023 and 2025 with cumulative losses of 1,400 gigatonnes of water – or about one third of annual fresh water needs.
Every major glacier region on Earth lost ice for the fourth consecutive year.
“All 19 glacier regions around the globe lost ice; in Central Asia, Iceland, the Russian Arctic and western Canada and the United States, it was among the three worst years on record,” said Wayne Jenkinson, WMO’s Director of Hydrology and Cryosphere.
Some regions with smaller glaciers such as Central Europe, the Caucasus, the western Canada and the United States may already have reached “peak water”, Mr. Jenkinson warned.
“After this point, the glacier gives less meltwater each year simply because there is less ice left to melt. That matters for every community downstream that relies on water during hot, dry summers,” he explained.
Narelle van der Wel, WMO’s Head of Cryosphere Monitoring, Predictions and Services, stressed that while some further glacier loss is unavoidable, the eventual scale of the decline is not predetermined.
“Some glacier loss is inevitable, but total loss of glaciers is not yet inevitable,” she said, pointing to emissions reductions as central to limiting future losses.
Preparing for moving baselines
The report does not attribute every observed change to climate change alone. WMO says pressure on water resources and natural variability also contribute.
Mr. Jenkinson said governments need to prepare for “moving baselines” as historical patterns become less reliable.
“The situation 30 years ago is not where we are today,” he said. Countries, he added, need to prepare “for those changes that have really already arrived”.
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