La répression « systémique » du Nicaragua en matière de droits de l'homme sous les projecteurs à Genève
Les enquêteurs chargés par le Conseil des droits de l'homme de l'ONU de suivre les allégations de graves abus de pouvoir par les hauts responsables nicaraguayens ont insisté mercredi pour que la Cour internationale de justice poursuive ce qu'ils ont appelé la répression systématique et systémique du peuple du pays.
Le Groupe d'experts sur le Nicaragua - qui agit de manière indépendante et ne fait pas partie du personnel de l'ONU - a précédemment rapporté que les violations du gouvernement semblent constituer des crimes contre l'humanité tels que le meurtre, l'emprisonnement et la torture - y compris le viol.
Leur dernier rapport sera présenté plus tard cette semaine au Conseil, où le chef des droits de l'homme de l'ONU, Volker Türk, a abordé mercredi les violations en cours dans les Territoires palestiniens occupés dans le cadre de sa session de travail programmée.
Dans son dernier rapport, le Groupe d'experts sur le Nicaragua soutient que le président Daniel Ortega et son épouse, Rosario Murillo, ont créé « un État autoritaire où il ne reste aucune institution indépendante, où les voix de l'opposition sont réduites au silence et où la population... fait face à la persécution, à l'exil forcé et aux représailles économiques ».
Réprimer la dissidence
C'est en réponse aux graves préoccupations concernant la répression sévère des droits civils au Nicaragua que la communauté internationale a décidé en 2018 de créer un organe d'enquête pour faire rapport au Conseil des droits de l'homme.
« Nous appelons les États à tenir le Nicaragua responsable de ses violations de la Convention de l'ONU contre la torture et de la Convention de l'ONU sur l'apatridie devant la Cour internationale de justice... la communauté internationale ne peut pas simplement être témoin. Elle doit prendre des mesures concrètes », a déclaré Reed Brody, membre du Groupe d'experts sur le Nicaragua.
« Aucun pays au monde n'a utilisé la détention arbitraire de la nationalité contre les opposants politiques à la même échelle que le Nicaragua l'a fait ; et cela constitue une violation de ses obligations en vertu du droit international selon la Convention sur la réduction de l'apatridie », a poursuivi M. Brody.
« Machine de répression »
Selon le président du panel, Jan-Michael Simon, la machinerie d'État et le parti au pouvoir sandiniste « se sont pratiquement fusionnés en une machine unifiée de répression avec un impact domestique et transnational ».
Ce développement - qui a réduit les pouvoirs judiciaire, législatif et électoral « à de simples corps coordonnés par la présidence » - a entraîné de nombreux décès, « des détentions arbitraires, des disparitions forcées, des tortures, l'expulsion de nationaux, la privation arbitraire de nationalité », a insisté M. Simon.
Les experts ont également établi que l'armée nicaraguayenne, la police et les groupes paramilitaires ont écrasé en 2018 des manifestations publiques massives qui ont fait plus de 300 morts.
Aujourd'hui, la détention arbitraire, la privation de nationalité des Nicaraguayens et les expulsions forcées sont également en hausse, ont-ils insisté.
Le gouvernement cible « toute personne perçue comme une menace », poursuit leur rapport, notant la non-coopération continue des autorités avec leur enquête.
« C'est un gouvernement en guerre avec son propre peuple », a déclaré la membre du panel Ariela Peralta.
« Le Nicaragua est devenu un lieu de surveillance et de silence imposé pour ceux qui restent, tandis que ceux qui osent résister, ou sont simplement soupçonnés de le faire, font face à une vie d'apatridie et d'exil », a déclaré M. Brody.
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New data showing that rivers were at their lowest level for decades last year provides further evidence that the climate crisis is real and countries must act immediately to protect themselves from the increasing threat to communities and livelihoods, the UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said on Thursday.
The key findings from WMO’s State of Global Water Resources 2025 report covering the hydrological cycle and extreme events in the five-year period to last year:
Highlighting the long-term decline in the Earth’s freshwater storage and glacier melt, WMO Secretary-General Celeste Saulo explained that the planet’s water reserves used to act as a planetary “savings account” that absorbed the occasional dry season, avoiding a water crisis. “One of the central stories of the 2025 report is what is happening to that savings account? And the simple answer is that we are depleting it,” she told journalists in Geneva.
Groundwater reserves are equally stretched and have been in decline since 2014, WMO’s report states, with nearly two-thirds of monitored wells worldwide showing levels lower than the historical norm and indicating a shift “further toward deficit…not recovery”.
“At the same time, we are seeing more water-related disasters,” Ms. Saulo said, while also stressing that the currently strengthening El Niño “will increase the risk of drought in some areas, and flooding in others”.
Glaciers disappearing
In 2025, for the fourth consecutive year, every major glaciated region on Earth lost ice mass, leading to short-term hazards including floods and long-term water insecurity, according to WMO.
Responding to a question about whether the changing global water cycle might have contributed to the deadly Nepal-China flooding disaster, Ms. Saulo explained that melting ice and rock was just one factor in the chain of events that ultimately sent a massive and deadly wall of water and debris downstream on 26 August, killing at least 1,367 people.
“You asked if it could happen again? Absolutely; the problem in this region is that there’s 63,700 glaciers at the last count,” she told a Press Conference in Geneva. “Even if you’re looking with remote sensing with satellites at these glaciers, you might see some faults, you might see some slight shifting, that does not mean necessarily catastrophic collapse. So, in order to plan for this, it’s very, very difficult. But the international community is looking very hard at ways in which we can bring people together to solve some of these monitoring issues.”
Data indicates that glaciers shrank between 2023 and 2025 with cumulative losses of 1,400 gigatonnes of water – or about one third of annual fresh water needs.
Every major glacier region on Earth lost ice for the fourth consecutive year.
“All 19 glacier regions around the globe lost ice; in Central Asia, Iceland, the Russian Arctic and western Canada and the United States, it was among the three worst years on record,” said Wayne Jenkinson, WMO’s Director of Hydrology and Cryosphere.
Some regions with smaller glaciers such as Central Europe, the Caucasus, the western Canada and the United States may already have reached “peak water”, Mr. Jenkinson warned.
“After this point, the glacier gives less meltwater each year simply because there is less ice left to melt. That matters for every community downstream that relies on water during hot, dry summers,” he explained.
Narelle van der Wel, WMO’s Head of Cryosphere Monitoring, Predictions and Services, stressed that while some further glacier loss is unavoidable, the eventual scale of the decline is not predetermined.
“Some glacier loss is inevitable, but total loss of glaciers is not yet inevitable,” she said, pointing to emissions reductions as central to limiting future losses.
Preparing for moving baselines
The report does not attribute every observed change to climate change alone. WMO says pressure on water resources and natural variability also contribute.
Mr. Jenkinson said governments need to prepare for “moving baselines” as historical patterns become less reliable.
“The situation 30 years ago is not where we are today,” he said. Countries, he added, need to prepare “for those changes that have really already arrived”.
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