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Ethiopia: War crimes and crimes against humanity continue unabated, says top rights probe

War crimes and crimes against humanity are still being committed in Ethiopia despite the signing of an agreement to cease hostilities 10 months ago, the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia warned on Monday.

“It is hard to overstate the gravity of the violence which is taking place in Ethiopia since November 2020,” said Mohamed Chande Othman, Chair, at a press conference in Geneva. “We have documented mass killings, rape, starvation, destruction of schools and medical facilities, forced displacement and mass arbitrary detention amounting to both war crimes and crimes against humanity”, he said, presenting the finding of the panel’s second report.

Mr. Othman added that “we also documented the continued forced exposure of Tigrayans from western Tigray with tens of thousands of women, men and children unable to return to their homes.”

In a 21-page report to be presented to the Human Rights Council on Thursday 21 September, the Commissioners documented wide-ranging atrocities perpetrated by all parties to the conflict since 3 November 2020.

The report confirmed that Eritrean troops and Amhara militia members have continued to commit grave violations in Tigray, including the systematic rape and sexual violence of women and girls, in violation of the Ethiopian Government’s commitments on human rights and territorial integrity.

“We reaffirmed our findings from our first report which was only able to look at a small number of incidences by looking at a far greater number of incidence and we reaffirm findings of significant violations of international human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law, some of which amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity,” said Steven Ratner, Commissioner.

“Entire families have been killed, relatives forced to watch horrific crimes against their loved ones, while whole communities have been displaced or expelled from their homes, many too fearful to return, others unable to,” the report notes. “Trauma, both individual and collective, is likely to persist for generations.”

The Commission uncovered allegations concerning Government forces of arrest, detention, and torture of civilians in Oromia and has received numerous credible reports of violations against Amhara civilians since the announcement of a state of emergency in August 2023.

“Clearly, we have seen a deterioration in the situation in Ethiopia since our oral update to the Council in March of this year, including the spreading of violence in the Amhara region and the Oromia”, said Mr. Ratner. “The ongoing violations are extraordinarily serious, and we have credible allegations of just how grave they are. They include the forced displacements and the sexual and gender-based violence.”

Especially concerning is the ongoing nature of some crimes, in particular the worst sexual violence involving Eritrean forces in Tigray.

For Commissioner Radhika Coomaraswamy who spoke to victims of sexual abuse and exploitation, “this was as bad as it gets, it’s extreme, it included gang rape, it included cruelty of the worst kind, but I must admit that the worst of this was perpetrated by Eritrean forces in Tigray. Though, of course, the Ethiopian forces were also responsible.”

She added that “there was also sexual violence in Amhara perpetrated by Tigrayan forces which were also quite terrible. So, sexual violence as a crime in this war is something of great significance and it has to be looked into and accountability has to be had.”

The report notes that the Government of Ethiopia has failed to effectively prevent or investigate violations and has instead initiated a flawed transitional justice consultation process where victims remain overlooked.

“The need for a credible, inclusive, and meaningful process of justice, truth, reconciliation and healing has never been more urgent,” said the Commission’s Chair. “Ethiopia’s current transitional justice consultations are not that processed. Our engagement with hundreds of victims, survivors and their families, there is a really big deep mistrust in the ability and willingness of Ethiopian institutions.”

The Commission’s report warned about the continued presence of most of the indicators and triggers contained in the UN Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes. It highlighted the risk of further large-scale atrocity crimes, expressing deep concern that many of the hallmarked risk factors of future atrocity crimes remain present in Ethiopia.

The Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia was established by the Human Rights Council in December 2021, to conduct thorough and impartial investigations into allegations of violations and abuses of international human rights law and violations of international humanitarian law and international refugee law in Ethiopia committed since 3 November 2020 by all parties to the conflict, including the possible gender dimensions of such violations and abuses.

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